Modern Physics, Galileo Galilei & Their Inventions
Modern physics is solely based on the two major break-through
of the early 20th century and that are Albert Einstein’s Theory of relativity
(special theory and general theory) and Max Planck’s quantum theory.
of the early 20th century and that are Albert Einstein’s Theory of relativity
(special theory and general theory) and Max Planck’s quantum theory.
The basic difference between the classical and modern physics is that classical
physics deals with small velocity and large distance.
physics deals with small velocity and large distance.
While on the other hand modern physics deal with the largest moving thing in
the universe as well as the smallest moving thing in the universe.
the universe as well as the smallest moving thing in the universe.
All physics after the early 1890s is considered to be part of modern physics
Father of modern Physics - Galileo Galilei
About Galileo Galilee
Galileo Galilee born in February 15, 1564, Pisa (Italy)
He Died in January 8, 1642, Arcetri, near (Florence)
He was a Italian natural Philosopher, Astronomer, and Mathematician who
made fundamental contributions to the science of Motion, Astronomy,
and Strength of material and to the development of the Scientific method.
His formulation of Circular) Inertia, the Law of Falling bodies, and Par-
abolic trajectories marked the beginning of a fundamental change in the
study of motion.
His insistence that the book of nature was written in the language of Mathe-
matics changed natural philosophy from a verbal, qualitative account to a
mathematical one in which Experimentation became a recognized method
for discovering for discovering the facts of nature
and Strength of material and to the development of the Scientific method.
His formulation of Circular) Inertia, the Law of Falling bodies, and Par-
abolic trajectories marked the beginning of a fundamental change in the
study of motion.
His insistence that the book of nature was written in the language of Mathe-
matics changed natural philosophy from a verbal, qualitative account to a
mathematical one in which Experimentation became a recognized method
for discovering for discovering the facts of nature
Finally, His discoveries with the Telescope revolutionized astronomy and
paved the way for the acceptance of the Copernican Heliocentric System,
but his advocacy of that system eventually resulted in an Inquisition process
against him.
paved the way for the acceptance of the Copernican Heliocentric System,
but his advocacy of that system eventually resulted in an Inquisition process
against him.
Inventions
1596 Galileo Galilei and the first Thermoscope
Thermoscope
Galileo Galilei is often claimed to be the inventor of the thermometer. However the
Instrument he invented could not strictly be called a thermometer: to be a thermometer
Instrument he invented could not strictly be called a thermometer: to be a thermometer
an instrument must measure temperature differences; Galileo's instrument did not do
this, but merely indicated temperature differences. His instrument should rightly be
called a thermoscope.
called a thermoscope.
The Thermoscope
The predecessor to the thermometer, the thermoscope is a thermometer without a scale;it indicates differences in temperature only ie it can show if the temperature is higher,
lower or the same, but unlike a thermometer it cannot measure the difference nor can
the result be recorded for future reference. The thermoscope was widely used by a group
of scientists in Venice that included Galileo. It was only a small step from the thermoscope
to the thermometer.
The Telescope
Galileo did not invent the telescope (Dutch Spectacle makers recieve that credit),
but he was the first to use the telescope to study the heavens systematically. His
Litttle Telelscope was poorer than even a cheap modern amateur telescope,
but what he observed in the heavens rocked the very foundations of Aristotle's
universe and the theological-philosophical worldview that it supported. It is said
that what Galileo saw was so disturbing for some officials of the Church that they
refused to even look through his telescope; they reasoned that the Devil was capable
of making anything appear in the telescope, so it was best not to look through it
but he was the first to use the telescope to study the heavens systematically. His
Litttle Telelscope was poorer than even a cheap modern amateur telescope,
but what he observed in the heavens rocked the very foundations of Aristotle's
universe and the theological-philosophical worldview that it supported. It is said
that what Galileo saw was so disturbing for some officials of the Church that they
refused to even look through his telescope; they reasoned that the Devil was capable
of making anything appear in the telescope, so it was best not to look through it
Sunspots
Galileo observed the Sun through his telescope and saw that the Sun had Dark
patches on it that we now call Sunspots (he eventually went blind, perhaps from
damage suffered by looking at the Sun with his telescope). Furthermore, he observed
motion of the sunspots indicating that the Sun was rotating on an axis. These
"blemishes" on the Sun were contrary to the doctrine of an unchanging perfect
substance in the heavens, and the rotation of the Sun made it less strange that
the Earth might rotate on an axis too, as required in the Copernican model. Both
represented new facts that were unknown to Aristotle and Ptolemy.
patches on it that we now call Sunspots (he eventually went blind, perhaps from
damage suffered by looking at the Sun with his telescope). Furthermore, he observed
motion of the sunspots indicating that the Sun was rotating on an axis. These
"blemishes" on the Sun were contrary to the doctrine of an unchanging perfect
substance in the heavens, and the rotation of the Sun made it less strange that
the Earth might rotate on an axis too, as required in the Copernican model. Both
represented new facts that were unknown to Aristotle and Ptolemy.
The Moons of Jupiter
Galileo observed 4 points of light that changed their positions with time
around the planet Jupiter. He concluded that these were objects in orbit around Jupiter. Indeed, they were the 4 brightest moons of Jupiter, which
are now commonly called the Galilean moons (Galileo himself called them the Medicea Siderea---the ``Medician Stars''). Here is an Picture based on actual observations of the motion of these moons around Jupiter.
around the planet Jupiter. He concluded that these were objects in orbit around Jupiter. Indeed, they were the 4 brightest moons of Jupiter, which
are now commonly called the Galilean moons (Galileo himself called them the Medicea Siderea---the ``Medician Stars''). Here is an Picture based on actual observations of the motion of these moons around Jupiter.
These observations again showed that there were new things in the heavens that Aristotle and Ptolemy had known nothing about. Furthermore, they demonstrated that a planet
could have moons circling it that would not be left behind as the planet moved around
its orbit. One of the arguments against the Copernican system (and the ORIGINAL heliocentric idea of Aristarchus) had been that if the moon were in orbit around the
Earth and the Earth in orbit around the Sun, the Earth would leave the Moon behind
as it moved around its orbit.
The Pendulum Clock
19th century model based on a drawing by Galileo's (1564-1642)
friend and biographer, Viviani, of an incomplete pendulum clock which Galileo
designed just before his death.
It represents the first known attempt to apply a pendulum to control the rate of a clock. Galileo had noticed that the pendulum's period of swing appeared to be independent of
the extent of the 'arc' of the swing and recognised its potential for timekeeping, but died before his work could be completed. It was Huygens (1629-1693) in the Hague, Holland, who built the first successful pendulum clock in 1656. The application of the pendulum
It represents the first known attempt to apply a pendulum to control the rate of a clock. Galileo had noticed that the pendulum's period of swing appeared to be independent of
the extent of the 'arc' of the swing and recognised its potential for timekeeping, but died before his work could be completed. It was Huygens (1629-1693) in the Hague, Holland, who built the first successful pendulum clock in 1656. The application of the pendulum
to clock timekeeping during the scientific revolution of the
17th century was the most fundamental advance in the history of time
measurement.
Facts about Galileo Galeli
Galileo is one of the most famous astronomers and scientists in history. His work developed much of the modern concepts by which research is conducted today. Of all his achievements, his conflict with the Catholic Church over the nature of the solar system is one of the major events of his life.
Notable Honors: A number of things are named after him : the Galilean moons of Jupiter, the Galileo spacecraft, the proposed Galileo global satellite navigation system
as well as Galilean transformation, the change between inertial systems in classical mechanics. In addition, the International Year of Astronomy collector's coin features
a picture of him.
He developed models that could see up to 30 times magnification. He published his first astronomical observations in 1610. The collection was called “Starry Messenger."
2. Galileo also found that the Milky Way was actually close-packed stars rather than some
sort of nebula. He was able to locate a number of stars previously unseen with the naked eye
sort of nebula. He was able to locate a number of stars previously unseen with the naked eye
3. According to his notes, he observed the planet Neptune in 1612, but did not recognize it as a planet. He thought it was simply another dim star.
4. Using his telescopes, he was able to identify that the Moon had mountains and craters, dispelling the belief that it was a perfect sphere.
5.While observing Saturn, he identified the rings as planets in their own right. Thinking it was a triple-planetary system, he noticed that the rings would appear and disappear.
6. He made a number of observations about Venus. He was able to develop a full set of phases of the planet. This helped prove the heliocentric concept of the solar system first developed by Copernicous.
Amazing Fact
One of the most important events in the life of Galileo was his battle with the Roman Catholic Church. His opinion on the heliocentric nature of the solar system was viewed as contradictory to church doctrine that stated the Earth could not move.
This conflict came to a head when Galileo was forced to stand trial by the Inquisition in 1633. He was found guilty of heresy and sentenced to a number of punishments. First, he was required to denounce the theory that the Earth moved and the Sun was at the center of the solar system. Second, he was imprisoned on house arrest in his villa near Florence. Lastly, his work was forbidden to be published.
Beginning in 1990, a number of religious figures began to speak to the point regarding the events surrounding Galileo's persecution by the Roman Catholic Church. On February 15, Cardinal Ratzinger cited questions surrounding the politics of the Church at the time, however, did not make a uniform statement about an actual apology.
Hope u Enjoy reading
Comments
Post a Comment